Tuproqqalʼa

Tuproqqalʼa
	; Tuproqqalʼa xarobalari
	Shown within Gʻarbiy va Markaziy Osiyo Tuproqqalʼa (Uzbekistan)
Muqobil nomlar	Tuproqqalʼa
Manzilgoh	Qoraqalpogʻiston, Oʻzbekiston
Koordinatalar	41°55′37.9″N 60°49′19.8″E / 41.927194°N 60.822167°E
Turi	Manzilgoh
Tarix
Davrlar	Parfiya, Sosoniylar
Makon qaydlari
Qazish sanalari	1938-yil
Vaziyat	Vayron boʻlgan

Tuproqqalʼa — Xorazmning qadimgi shaharqalʼa xarobasi; milodiy III—IV asrlardagi xorazmshohlar qarorgohi. Hozirgi Tuproqqalʼa Qoraqalpogʻistonning Beruniy shahri atrofidagi hududda joylashgan va „Ellik qalʼa vohasi“ tarkibiga kiradi^[1]. U yerda devor rasmlari, tangalar va arxivlar topilgan^[1]^[2]. Uning tarixi milodiy I—V asrlarni oʻz ichiga oladi^[1].

Tuzilishi

Tuproqqalʼa 1938—1950-yillarda S. P. Tolstoye rahbarligidagi Xorazm arxeologiya-etnografiya ekspeditsiyasi tomonidan oʻrganilgan. Uning tarhi toʻgʻri burchakli (500×350 m) boʻlib, gumbazsimon yoʻlakli va burjli mudofaa devori bilan oʻralgan. Devorning mustahkam janubiy darvozasidan otashkada tomonga markaziy koʻcha oʻtgan. Koʻndalang tushgan koʻchalar shaharni 10 ta kvartalga (mahalla) ajratgan. Tuproqqalʼaning madaniy qatlamidan milod boshlaridan VI asrgacha boʻlgan davrga oid ashyoviy materiallar chiqqan. Tuproqqalʼaning shimoli-sharqiy qismida maxsus koʻtarma supa (balandligi 14 m, maydoni 80*80 m) ustiga xom gʻishtdan saroy qurilgan. Unga yondosh qilib balandligi 25 m li 3 ta minorasi boʻlgan ark binosi (maydoni 40×40 m) bunyod etilgan. Arkka sharq tomonidan koʻtarma yoʻlak orqali kirilgan. Tuproqqalʼadan 100 ga yaqin turar joy, xoʻjalik binolari va 8 ta saroy xonalari topilgan.

Xonalar devori boʻrtma naqshlar va relyefli rangli haykallar bilan bezatilgan (qarang Tuproqqalʼa devoriy rasmlari va haykallari). Tuproqqalʼaning sharqiy qismida qurol-aslaha ustaxonasi boʻlgan, u yerdan temir nayzalar, 3 parrakli oʻqlar, saroyning yemirilib ketgan 2-qavatidagi podsho arxividan esa teri va yogʻoch taxtachalarga yozilgan 100 dan ortiq hujjatlar topilgan. Ular qadimiy xorazmiy tilida bitilgan (I—III asrlar). Tuproqqalʼadan jun, shoyi, ip gazlama parchalari, boʻyra, rangli gilam, koʻplab haykal boʻlaklari, sopol buyumlar va Kushon tangalari topilgan. Qalʼa sugʻorish inshootlarining buzilishi, harbiy toʻqnashuvlar natijasida xarobaga aylangan.

Tuproqqalʼa shahri saroyi

Tuproqqalʼa eramizning I—II asrlarida Xorazm hukmdori Artav (Artaban) tomonidan qurilgan^[3]. Qalʼaning tashkil etilishi, ehtimol, janubi-gʻarbdan 14 km uzoqlikda joylashgan Aqchaxon-Qalʼaning tark etilishidan keyin sodir boʻlgan^[4].

Shahar xarobalari 1938-yilda Sergey Tolstov rahbarligidagi Xorazm ekspeditsiyasi tomonidan oʻrganilgan^[1]. Saroyning qurilgan sanasi Kushon imperiyasi hukmdorlari Vima Kadfiz va Kanishka tangalari, shuningdek, Xorazm shohi Artav (Artaban) tangalari topilganligi orqali aniqlangan^[5]. Saroyda zardushtiylik xudolarini ifodalovchi devoriy rasmlar topilgan^[1].

Tuproqqalʼa va butun Xorazmiya milodiy II asrda maʼlum vaqt Kushon imperiyasi nazorati ostida boʻlgan boʻlishi kerak, chunki qalʼadan Vima Kadfiz va Kanishka tangalari topilgan, lekin ulardan oldingi va keyingi bir qator Xorazm hukmdorlarining tangalari topilmagan^[6]. Boshqa tadqiqotchilar tanga zarb qilinganligi toʻgʻrisidagi dalillarni tahlil qilib, kushonlar Xorazmni nazorat qilmaganligini koʻrsatadilar^[7]^[8].

Tuproqqalʻa xarobalaridan Gandharadagi yunon-buddist sanʼati uslubidan kelib chiqqan va Kushon imperiyasi taʼsirini aks ettiruvchi ellinistik uslubdagi liboslarga oʻralgan tik turgan haykallarning bir qancha baland relyefi topilgan^[4]. Bu moʻl-koʻl haykaltaroshlik ishi Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi davridan beri ellinistik sanʼat uslubi faol saqlanib qolgan yaqin atrofdagi Baqtriyadan kelgan hunarmandlar tomonidan ham amalga oshirilgan boʻlishi mumkin. Haykallar hozirda Sankt-Peterburgdagi Ermitaj muzeyida saqlanmoqda^[4].

Sergey Tolstov qadimiy shaharning rekonstruksiyasini chizgan^[9].

Tuproqqalʼa xarobalari
Tuproqqalʼa xarobalari (saroy va doʻkonlar maydoni)
Tuproqqalʼa xarobalari
Tuproqqalʼadan topilgan devoriy rasm (milodiy II—III asrlar)

Yaqin manzilgohlar

Tuproqqalʼaning janubi-sharq tomonidan 30 km uzoqlikda joylashgan boshqa arxeologik yodgorliklar ham mavjud boʻlib, ular qatoriga „Ellik qalʼa vohasi“ning yana bir muhim tarkibiy qismi boʻlgan Qoʻyqirilgan qalʼa kiradi^[1]. Yana bir shu kabi manzilgoh Ayoz qalʼadir.

Xorazm poytaxti miloddan avvalgi 305-yildan soʻng, afrigʻiylar sulolasi davrida Kat (zamonaviy Beruniy) shahriga oʻzgartirilgan, ammo Tuproqqalʼa shahri milodiy VI asrgacha gullab-yashnashda davom etgan^[10].

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 ^1,5 Adrianov, Boris V.; Mantellini, Simone. Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area (en). Oxbow Books, Limited, 31 December 2013 — 38-bet. ISBN 978-1-78297-167-2.
↑ Nerazik, Ye. Ye., Lapirov-Skoblo, M. S., Trudnovskaya, S. A. & Vaynberg, B. I. (1981). Gorodiщe Toprak-kala (raskopki 1965-1975 gg.) (TXAEE, t. 12). Moskva.
↑ "The second king of the dynasty was Artav (' ri ' w " the just „ ; Vainberg , 1977 , p . 52). He appears to have begun construction of a new capital, the ruins of which were discovered by Sergey Tolstov in 1938 at Toprak – kala“ Yar-Shater, Ehsan. Encyclopaedia Iranica (en). Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982 — 514-bet. ISBN 9780710090904.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 Minardi, Michele (January 2020). "The Ancient Chorasmian Unbaked-clay Modelled Sculptures: Hellenistic Cultural 'Impacts' on an Eastern Iranian Polity" (en). Religion, Society, Trade and Kingship. Art and Archaeology in South Asia Along the Silk Road 5500 BCE-5th Century CE (South Asian Archaeology and Art 2016, Volume 1): 195-205, Figs. 7, 9, 11. https://www.academia.edu/42306214.
↑ "Apart from purely archaeological and artistic evidence, the date has been determined from coins of the Kushan kings Vima Kadphises and Kanishka, and of the Khwarazmian king Artav, that were found on the lower floors of some structures . Some economic documents found in the Palace were dated to between 188 and 252 of the Khwarazmian era, i.e., to within the third century A. D. It should be borne in mind that only an insignificant portion of the archive has survived." in (en) Bulletin of the Asia Institute. Wayne State University Press. 1996. p. 183. https://books.google.com/books?id=X-ZtAAAAMAAJ&pg=183.
↑ Basham, Arthur Llewellyn. Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960 (en). Brill Archive, 1969 — 414-bet.
↑ "Theories that Chorasmia was incorporated into the Kushan empire are refuted by the numismatic evidence; there was no interruption in the local minting of silver coins, and many Kushan coins bear Chorasmian overstrikes, often obliterating the rulers' portraits." Yar-Shater, Ehsan. Encyclopaedia Iranica (en). Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982 — 514-bet. ISBN 9780710090904.
↑ „CHORASMIA i. Archeology and pre-Islamic hist. – Encyclopaedia Iranica“. iranicaonline.org.
↑ Jettmar, Karl (1967). "The Middle Asiatic Heritage of Dardistan. (Islamic Collective Tombs in Punyal and Their Background)". East and West 17 (1/2): 59–82, Fig. 11. ISSN 0012-8376. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/29755106.pdf.
↑ Basham, Arthur Llewellyn. Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960 (en). Brill Archive, 1969 — 204 va 414-bet.

Adabiyotlar

Tolstov S. P., Drevniy Khorezm, M., 1448;
Tolstov S. P., Qadimgi Xorazm madaniyatini izlab. T., 1964.
Dzhabbarov I. Drevniy Khorezm – strana vysokoy kul’tury i unikal’noy dukhovnosti (Etno-istoricheskiye ocherki) Moskva : Institut etnologii i antropologii RAN, 2014.

Havolalar

Tuproqqalʼadagi qazishmalar

Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi (2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan.

[BVA-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 ^1,5 Adrianov, Boris V.; Mantellini, Simone. Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area (en). Oxbow Books, Limited, 31 December 2013 — 38-bet. ISBN 978-1-78297-167-2.

[2] Nerazik, Ye. Ye., Lapirov-Skoblo, M. S., Trudnovskaya, S. A. & Vaynberg, B. I. (1981). Gorodiщe Toprak-kala (raskopki 1965-1975 gg.) (TXAEE, t. 12). Moskva.

[3] "The second king of the dynasty was Artav (' ri ' w " the just „ ; Vainberg , 1977 , p . 52). He appears to have begun construction of a new capital, the ruins of which were discovered by Sergey Tolstov in 1938 at Toprak – kala“ Yar-Shater, Ehsan. Encyclopaedia Iranica (en). Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982 — 514-bet. ISBN 9780710090904.

[MM-4] 4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 Minardi, Michele (January 2020). "The Ancient Chorasmian Unbaked-clay Modelled Sculptures: Hellenistic Cultural 'Impacts' on an Eastern Iranian Polity" (en). Religion, Society, Trade and Kingship. Art and Archaeology in South Asia Along the Silk Road 5500 BCE-5th Century CE (South Asian Archaeology and Art 2016, Volume 1): 195-205, Figs. 7, 9, 11. https://www.academia.edu/42306214.

[5] "Apart from purely archaeological and artistic evidence, the date has been determined from coins of the Kushan kings Vima Kadphises and Kanishka, and of the Khwarazmian king Artav, that were found on the lower floors of some structures . Some economic documents found in the Palace were dated to between 188 and 252 of the Khwarazmian era, i.e., to within the third century A. D. It should be borne in mind that only an insignificant portion of the archive has survived." in (en) Bulletin of the Asia Institute. Wayne State University Press. 1996. p. 183. https://books.google.com/books?id=X-ZtAAAAMAAJ&pg=183.

[ALB-6] Basham, Arthur Llewellyn. Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960 (en). Brill Archive, 1969 — 414-bet.

[7] "Theories that Chorasmia was incorporated into the Kushan empire are refuted by the numismatic evidence; there was no interruption in the local minting of silver coins, and many Kushan coins bear Chorasmian overstrikes, often obliterating the rulers' portraits." Yar-Shater, Ehsan. Encyclopaedia Iranica (en). Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982 — 514-bet. ISBN 9780710090904.

[IO-8] „CHORASMIA i. Archeology and pre-Islamic hist. – Encyclopaedia Iranica“. iranicaonline.org.

[9] Jettmar, Karl (1967). "The Middle Asiatic Heritage of Dardistan. (Islamic Collective Tombs in Punyal and Their Background)". East and West 17 (1/2): 59–82, Fig. 11. ISSN 0012-8376. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/29755106.pdf.

[10] Basham, Arthur Llewellyn. Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960 (en). Brill Archive, 1969 — 204 va 414-bet.

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